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[Music]

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[Applause]

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so today I'm gonna try make the case

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that the the earliest adaptively

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evolving systems were surface limited

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metabolisms which we call slimes and

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that thinking through this the existence

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of slide provides some suggestions for

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some interesting sort of empirical

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approaches so to get us started let's

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just define the core problem the core

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problem as I see it is that the first

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adaptive the evolving system had to had

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to be self propagating also that system

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that was both self-propagating and

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adaptively evolvable by definition had

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to arrive arise without the help of any

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prior adaptive process it had this

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bringing to existence spontaneously and

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therefore whatever it is has to pass

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what we might call the junkyard tornado

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test

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so there's many of you will know that

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Hoyle you know pointed out that we don't

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really expect a tornado to be able to

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blow through a junkyard and blow

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together an airplane in a 747 and by

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similar reasoning even the simplest

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living cell is too complicated to

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imagine that without an adapted process

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that you could a prebiotic soup given

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some chance and time could spontaneously

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form a cell so we need something

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significantly simpler than a cell now

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one alternative that has been thrown

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around in the field is the idea that the

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initial starting place might be a single

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molecule with the ability to replicate

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itself and people usually think about

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RNA so the idea here is is that you have

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prebiotic soup it gives rise to an RNA

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that RNA can self propagate and the

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nature of propagation in RNAs makes it

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intrinsically evolvable however I think

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I won't have to convince many of you in

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the room that there are a lot of

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problems with this idea firstly long

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rnas are very unlikely secondly we have

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the whole error threshold problem that

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it would be even harder to get one that

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could self replicate itself accurately

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enough and and finally we have the whole

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problem they would need to be able to

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make its own monomers so I put a not

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equal sign there to indicate that we

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don't consider this

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plausible hypothesis for the first

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Evolver so if it's not a single molecule

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it has to be an ecosystem of molecules

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it has to be a set of interacting

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molecules with the collective property

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that they all facilitate and achieve one

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another's production now it it this

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general idea and I actually can't find

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the pointer yes and this general idea of

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auto catalytic systems or eco systems as

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I prefer to call them it's first I want

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to point out this is chemically agnostic

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the players in these ecosystems could be

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RNA molecules they could be metabolites

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and there's no indication or requirement

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that there be specific catalysis because

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branch networks such as this loop here

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because every time you go around it

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makes two ways the system would self

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propagate even though it doesn't have

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any specific catalysis and it also

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doesn't but it doesn't but it doesn't

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require 50 calories but it does require

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any such system would require a constant

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replenishing source of food and energy

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because it's going to be dissipating

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energy in this in the after

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self-propagating so the challenge then

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that causes is that we have a set of

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cooperating species in this ecosystem

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but which need to be maintained in

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physical proximity in order to cooperate

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and make more of one another in in that

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neighborhood and but they at the same

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time they need to have access to

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continuing flux of food and energy so

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how did they be spatially localized so

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one popular view is that the initial

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system was a spontaneously formed

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protocell and I think many people would

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acknowledge that given a lot of

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amphiphilic molecules in a aqueous

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solution you can imagine the spontaneous

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formation of a protocell and maybe once

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in a while it could trap within it a

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chemical ecosystem with this ability to

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wherever for every member of that set to

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be cooperate to make one or to make one

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another however we would like to suggest

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that although this is at some point life

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likely went through such a stage we

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can't we don't believe this

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being the first Evolver and the reason

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is if the wireless achieves the goal of

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keeping the co-operative enclosed and

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spatially proximate to one another so

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that they can make one another and it

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also builds a barrier between them and

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the food and energy that they need in

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order to be able to propagate themselves

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so it's actually making life harder by

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separating them from that energy and

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food the other issue is because you have

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now two components they have to somehow

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miraculously without any prior adaptive

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process be coordinated so that they can

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actually grow without either the the the

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lumen contents getting diluted to

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non-existence or the membrane popping so

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we don't think this is a plausible model

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and so we want something simpler

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now one idea just to put there is we

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would say viable is the idea of a drop

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litter or coacervate so this is similar

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to a protocell except you only have one

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phase so you have some sort of maybe

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it's a set of an fulfilling molecules

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are formed some sort of droplet if the

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droplet is small those molecules do

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still have access to the external

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environment where the food and energy

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have to come from and so this is a

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perfectly viable we think modeling

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principle and may well have been the

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path by which lifelike system evolved in

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some places and in the solar system or

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the other the universe but we don't

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think it's a good model for a precursor

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to cellular life because once you have a

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droplet it's very hard to see how you

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can go to a cell how you can generate

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now a hydrophilic bubble within a

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hydrophobic droplet so I'm going to set

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that aside and instead tell you about

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the one that we do think is the most

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plausible way to think about this which

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was originally proposed by vectors

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Houser in a form so the idea here is is

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again you start with a prebiotic soup it

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interacts with a mineral surface and

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spontaneously you get a small set of

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cooperating molecules an ecosystem

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nucleates on that surface and can grow

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and spread can self propagate

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and so just to give an example and help

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you visualize this where this little

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network I showed you before little

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branch Network and we're imagining that

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the capital letters denote species that

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are the co-operators and they all stick

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to this membrane but are not present in

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the soup and the lowercase letters are

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food energy sources that are in the

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environment and are being constantly

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replenished and so the notion is is that

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if some rare side reaction generates one

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member of this set and it would stick to

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the surface and it will then nucleate a

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system or whereby these would grow out

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and propagate laterally to cover that

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surface eventually so that's what we

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mean by a slime but you might wonder

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well could a slime be evolvable in the

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absence of any kind of genetic encoding

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system well in principle there's good

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theory to suggest the answer is yes

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because there isn't in the totality of

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chemistry one or the catalytic loop

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system but real chemistry has lots of

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loops lots of potential autocatalytic

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networks such that once you have one

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network like in this case so here we

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have one one loop that I showed you

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before this loop can feed on waste on

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this loop so once that one has covered a

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surface you can imagine again a

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spontaneous reaction rare one giving

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rise to there's some member of the red

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set like that H that maybe you little

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didn't see and then and now these

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molecules can be added to this slime to

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this system so what that means is is

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that slimes can exist in multiple

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metastable States that can be found by

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rare side reactions the analog version

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of mutation and as a result of that

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these slimes would not only be

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self-propagating but there would be sort

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of communities of these systems that

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would be where there could be some of

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the competitive interaction and the

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potential for selection among them now

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it's not the main focus of the talk so

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I'm going to be very brief but one thing

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this does offer is a very natural path

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to a cell because once you have a blind

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on a surface the one of the they're

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going to be limited to their surface

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but they're gonna be patches of surface

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elsewhere in the ocean selection would

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favor any variants that could bobble off

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little bits of itself into the water

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column to spread and colonize other

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surfaces furthermore those variants that

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could not only spread by youth energy in

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the water column to divide would be

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favored to the point where they no

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longer need the mineral surface and this

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was similar to what Festus Houser

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himself had proposed so we think that

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the the starting place is prebiotic soup

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that interacts with kinds of mineral

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surfaces and spontaneously gives rise to

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these adaptively evolving chemical

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systems on surfaces these slimes

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so we think is a promising approach and

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what's nice about it is it suggests an

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empirical approach to the origin of life

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which we think is somewhat overdue so

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the experiments have we've been doing in

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my lab as part of this nasa-funded group

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the conceal it chemical ecosystem

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selection paradigm for origin of life or

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cesspool is looking for slime very

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fitting by building little eaten

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microcosms of the prebiotic earth so

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little soup prebiotic soups minerals and

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atmosphere imagining that a slime might

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thank you

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when spontaneously emerge and then using

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a cereal transfer and dilute protocol to

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enrich for any slimes that might be

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present and to detect their presence

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using chemical proxy traits now

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obviously I was trying to tell you is

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the results but Lena Vincent my

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co-author and and student is going to be

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talking on Wednesday to give you the

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results but let me just say that this

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approach has found evidence of the

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spontaneous sort of accumulation of

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organic layers on pirate iron pyrite

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grains and at a macro scale we see a

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very interesting long term dynamic

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across these transfers that looks very

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ecological in structure with ecological

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will look like ecological booms and bust

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cycles so the conclusions I would help

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hope that you might take away is that

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first of all of us has to arise without

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any help from prior adapt ation meaning

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there must be simple

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we would contend that that ruled out a

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single magic molecule and it also maybe

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more controversially rules out a

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protocell as the first Evolver slimes

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offer one alternative because their

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evolvable and there's a natural

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selective pass to a cell and that there

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are these early empirical studies seem

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to ask consistent with this basic

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approach so just to end I want to thank

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my entire lab but particularly Lena

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shown there collaborators at UW Madison

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we received funding from NASA and NSF

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and the University of Wisconsin and I

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also want to acknowledge other members

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of the cesspool consortium listed here

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some of whom are at this meeting so

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thank you David we have time for

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he was Speaker Peter I'll repeat it

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so the question was what the the the

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constraint is evolvability and so the

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example I gave with a particular

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hypothetical ABCD network sharing loops

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and the question was do we have specific

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ideas and no I wouldn't say we I mean I

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have some vague ideas of theirs and if

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you you know people looking core

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metabolism and finds hints of

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autocatalytic loops rather like this the

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basic loop looks like reverse TCA fit

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SATs for example but you need a second

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one and so forth

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and but that's sort of the approach

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we're taking is we give it the soup we

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see what emerges rather than trying to

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build the soup in order to generate a

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particular target or two catalytic

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system so we'll try to let do it in the

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rather more bottom-up approach and see

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yeah so our goal was to develop a

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protocol that could be used in a broad

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sweep by the whole community of

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different minerals different soups but

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we just decided give investors houses

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model to start with a soup well it's the

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ameliorate

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whew we tried and this one gave these

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interesting without so we've been

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sticking with it for the time being but

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eventually we should try many many other

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minerals and soup combinations including

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ones that are appropriate on two other

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planetary other worlds since there's no